Why We Do We Love Evolution Site (And You Should Also!)
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The Academy's Evolution Site
Biology is one of the most important concepts in biology. The Academies have been active for a long time in helping those interested in science comprehend the theory of evolution and how it affects every area of scientific inquiry.
This site provides a range of resources for students, teachers as well as general readers about evolution. It contains key video clips from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.
Tree of Life
The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol that represents the interconnectedness of all life. It is an emblem of love and unity in many cultures. It can be used in many practical ways in addition to providing a framework for understanding the history of species and how they react to changing environmental conditions.
Early approaches to depicting the world of biology focused on the classification of organisms into distinct categories that had been identified by their physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods, based on sampling of different parts of living organisms or on sequences of small fragments of their DNA, 에볼루션 바카라 greatly increased the variety of organisms that could be represented in the tree of life2. However, these trees are largely made up of eukaryotes. Bacterial diversity is still largely unrepresented3,4.
Genetic techniques have greatly expanded our ability to depict the Tree of Life by circumventing the requirement for direct observation and experimentation. Particularly, molecular methods allow us to construct trees using sequenced markers such as the small subunit of ribosomal RNA gene.
The Tree of Life has been dramatically expanded through genome sequencing. However there is a lot of diversity to be discovered. This is especially true of microorganisms, which are difficult to cultivate and are often only found in a single sample5. A recent analysis of all genomes has produced an unfinished draft of a Tree of Life. This includes a variety of archaea, bacteria and other organisms that have not yet been isolated, or the diversity of which is not fully understood6.
The expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful in assessing the diversity of an area, assisting to determine whether specific habitats require special protection. This information can be utilized in a variety of ways, from identifying the most effective treatments to fight disease to improving the quality of crops. The information is also incredibly useful to conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify the areas that are most likely to contain cryptic species that could have important metabolic functions that may be at risk of anthropogenic changes. While funding to protect biodiversity are essential, the best method to preserve the biodiversity of the world is to equip more people in developing countries with the knowledge they need to take action locally and encourage conservation.
Phylogeny
A phylogeny, also called an evolutionary tree, shows the relationships between various groups of organisms. Scientists can build a phylogenetic diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic categories using molecular information and morphological differences or similarities. Phylogeny plays a crucial role in understanding genetics, biodiversity and evolution.
A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Finds the connections between organisms with similar traits and evolved from a common ancestor. These shared traits may be analogous or homologous. Homologous characteristics are identical in terms of their evolutionary journey. Analogous traits may look like they are, but they do not share the same origins. Scientists combine similar traits into a grouping referred to as a Clade. For instance, all the species in a clade share the characteristic of having amniotic eggs and evolved from a common ancestor which had these eggs. The clades are then linked to form a phylogenetic branch that can identify organisms that have the closest relationship to.
Scientists use molecular DNA or RNA data to construct a phylogenetic graph that is more precise and detailed. This information is more precise than morphological data and gives evidence of the evolutionary history of an organism or group. Researchers can use Molecular Data to calculate the evolutionary age of organisms and identify the number of organisms that have an ancestor common to all.
The phylogenetic relationship can be affected by a variety of factors such as the phenomenon of phenotypicplasticity. This is a type behavior that alters in response to specific environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more like a species another, obscuring the phylogenetic signal. However, this problem can be solved through the use of techniques such as cladistics which combine analogous and homologous features into the tree.
In addition, phylogenetics helps determine the duration and speed at which speciation occurs. This information can assist conservation biologists make decisions about the species they should safeguard from extinction. Ultimately, it is the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will lead to an ecologically balanced and complete ecosystem.
Evolutionary Theory
The fundamental concept of evolution is that organisms develop different features over time based on their interactions with their environment. Many theories of evolution have been proposed by a wide range of scientists including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who envisioned an organism developing slowly in accordance with its requirements as well as the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who designed the modern hierarchical taxonomy Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that the use or misuse of traits cause changes that can be passed onto offspring.
In the 1930s and 1940s, theories from a variety of fields--including genetics, natural selection and particulate inheritance -- came together to form the modern evolutionary theory which explains how evolution happens through the variations of genes within a population, and how those variants change in time due to natural selection. This model, called genetic drift or 에볼루션사이트 mutation, gene flow, and sexual selection, is the foundation of current evolutionary biology, and can be mathematically explained.
Recent discoveries in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have shown the ways in which variation can be introduced to a species through mutations, genetic drift, reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction and migration between populations. These processes, as well as others like directional selection and 에볼루션 genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of a genotype over time) can lead to evolution that is defined as changes in the genome of the species over time and also the change in phenotype as time passes (the expression of that genotype within the individual).
Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all aspects of biology education could increase student understanding of the concepts of phylogeny as well as evolution. In a recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues. It was demonstrated that teaching students about the evidence for evolution increased their acceptance of evolution during a college-level course in biology. For more details on how to teach about evolution look up The Evolutionary Power of Biology in All Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily: a Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.
Evolution in Action
Scientists have traditionally studied evolution through looking back in the past, 무료 에볼루션 analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also observe living organisms. But evolution isn't just something that occurred in the past; it's an ongoing process that is taking place right now. Bacteria evolve and resist antibiotics, viruses re-invent themselves and escape new drugs, and animals adapt their behavior in response to the changing climate. The changes that result are often apparent.
It wasn't until late 1980s when biologists began to realize that natural selection was at work. The key is the fact that different traits confer an individual rate of survival and reproduction, and can be passed down from one generation to the next.
In the past, when one particular allele - the genetic sequence that controls coloration - was present in a group of interbreeding organisms, it might quickly become more common than other alleles. In time, this could mean that the number of moths with black pigmentation in a population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.
It is easier to track evolutionary change when an organism, like bacteria, has a rapid generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has tracked twelve populations of E.coli that descend from a single strain. The samples of each population have been collected regularly and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have passed.
Lenski's research has demonstrated that mutations can alter the rate at which change occurs and 에볼루션사이트 the rate of a population's reproduction. It also shows that evolution takes time, which is hard for some to accept.
Microevolution is also evident in the fact that mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides are more common in populations where insecticides are used. This is due to the fact that the use of pesticides causes a selective pressure that favors people with resistant genotypes.
The rapidity of evolution has led to an increasing awareness of its significance particularly in a world that is largely shaped by human activity. This includes pollution, climate change, and habitat loss, which prevents many species from adapting. Understanding evolution can help you make better decisions about the future of our planet and its inhabitants.
Biology is one of the most important concepts in biology. The Academies have been active for a long time in helping those interested in science comprehend the theory of evolution and how it affects every area of scientific inquiry.
This site provides a range of resources for students, teachers as well as general readers about evolution. It contains key video clips from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.
Tree of Life
The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol that represents the interconnectedness of all life. It is an emblem of love and unity in many cultures. It can be used in many practical ways in addition to providing a framework for understanding the history of species and how they react to changing environmental conditions.
Early approaches to depicting the world of biology focused on the classification of organisms into distinct categories that had been identified by their physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods, based on sampling of different parts of living organisms or on sequences of small fragments of their DNA, 에볼루션 바카라 greatly increased the variety of organisms that could be represented in the tree of life2. However, these trees are largely made up of eukaryotes. Bacterial diversity is still largely unrepresented3,4.
Genetic techniques have greatly expanded our ability to depict the Tree of Life by circumventing the requirement for direct observation and experimentation. Particularly, molecular methods allow us to construct trees using sequenced markers such as the small subunit of ribosomal RNA gene.
The Tree of Life has been dramatically expanded through genome sequencing. However there is a lot of diversity to be discovered. This is especially true of microorganisms, which are difficult to cultivate and are often only found in a single sample5. A recent analysis of all genomes has produced an unfinished draft of a Tree of Life. This includes a variety of archaea, bacteria and other organisms that have not yet been isolated, or the diversity of which is not fully understood6.
The expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful in assessing the diversity of an area, assisting to determine whether specific habitats require special protection. This information can be utilized in a variety of ways, from identifying the most effective treatments to fight disease to improving the quality of crops. The information is also incredibly useful to conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify the areas that are most likely to contain cryptic species that could have important metabolic functions that may be at risk of anthropogenic changes. While funding to protect biodiversity are essential, the best method to preserve the biodiversity of the world is to equip more people in developing countries with the knowledge they need to take action locally and encourage conservation.
Phylogeny
A phylogeny, also called an evolutionary tree, shows the relationships between various groups of organisms. Scientists can build a phylogenetic diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic categories using molecular information and morphological differences or similarities. Phylogeny plays a crucial role in understanding genetics, biodiversity and evolution.
A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Finds the connections between organisms with similar traits and evolved from a common ancestor. These shared traits may be analogous or homologous. Homologous characteristics are identical in terms of their evolutionary journey. Analogous traits may look like they are, but they do not share the same origins. Scientists combine similar traits into a grouping referred to as a Clade. For instance, all the species in a clade share the characteristic of having amniotic eggs and evolved from a common ancestor which had these eggs. The clades are then linked to form a phylogenetic branch that can identify organisms that have the closest relationship to.
Scientists use molecular DNA or RNA data to construct a phylogenetic graph that is more precise and detailed. This information is more precise than morphological data and gives evidence of the evolutionary history of an organism or group. Researchers can use Molecular Data to calculate the evolutionary age of organisms and identify the number of organisms that have an ancestor common to all.
The phylogenetic relationship can be affected by a variety of factors such as the phenomenon of phenotypicplasticity. This is a type behavior that alters in response to specific environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more like a species another, obscuring the phylogenetic signal. However, this problem can be solved through the use of techniques such as cladistics which combine analogous and homologous features into the tree.
In addition, phylogenetics helps determine the duration and speed at which speciation occurs. This information can assist conservation biologists make decisions about the species they should safeguard from extinction. Ultimately, it is the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will lead to an ecologically balanced and complete ecosystem.
Evolutionary Theory
The fundamental concept of evolution is that organisms develop different features over time based on their interactions with their environment. Many theories of evolution have been proposed by a wide range of scientists including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who envisioned an organism developing slowly in accordance with its requirements as well as the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who designed the modern hierarchical taxonomy Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that the use or misuse of traits cause changes that can be passed onto offspring.
In the 1930s and 1940s, theories from a variety of fields--including genetics, natural selection and particulate inheritance -- came together to form the modern evolutionary theory which explains how evolution happens through the variations of genes within a population, and how those variants change in time due to natural selection. This model, called genetic drift or 에볼루션사이트 mutation, gene flow, and sexual selection, is the foundation of current evolutionary biology, and can be mathematically explained.
Recent discoveries in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have shown the ways in which variation can be introduced to a species through mutations, genetic drift, reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction and migration between populations. These processes, as well as others like directional selection and 에볼루션 genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of a genotype over time) can lead to evolution that is defined as changes in the genome of the species over time and also the change in phenotype as time passes (the expression of that genotype within the individual).
Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all aspects of biology education could increase student understanding of the concepts of phylogeny as well as evolution. In a recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues. It was demonstrated that teaching students about the evidence for evolution increased their acceptance of evolution during a college-level course in biology. For more details on how to teach about evolution look up The Evolutionary Power of Biology in All Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily: a Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.
Evolution in Action
Scientists have traditionally studied evolution through looking back in the past, 무료 에볼루션 analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also observe living organisms. But evolution isn't just something that occurred in the past; it's an ongoing process that is taking place right now. Bacteria evolve and resist antibiotics, viruses re-invent themselves and escape new drugs, and animals adapt their behavior in response to the changing climate. The changes that result are often apparent.
It wasn't until late 1980s when biologists began to realize that natural selection was at work. The key is the fact that different traits confer an individual rate of survival and reproduction, and can be passed down from one generation to the next.
In the past, when one particular allele - the genetic sequence that controls coloration - was present in a group of interbreeding organisms, it might quickly become more common than other alleles. In time, this could mean that the number of moths with black pigmentation in a population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.
It is easier to track evolutionary change when an organism, like bacteria, has a rapid generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has tracked twelve populations of E.coli that descend from a single strain. The samples of each population have been collected regularly and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have passed.
Lenski's research has demonstrated that mutations can alter the rate at which change occurs and 에볼루션사이트 the rate of a population's reproduction. It also shows that evolution takes time, which is hard for some to accept.
Microevolution is also evident in the fact that mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides are more common in populations where insecticides are used. This is due to the fact that the use of pesticides causes a selective pressure that favors people with resistant genotypes.
The rapidity of evolution has led to an increasing awareness of its significance particularly in a world that is largely shaped by human activity. This includes pollution, climate change, and habitat loss, which prevents many species from adapting. Understanding evolution can help you make better decisions about the future of our planet and its inhabitants.
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